To start or begin (s.th.). Lit., “he began/started”.

To illustrate or to form (into a shape). Lit., “he drew/shaped”.

To expose, cause to come out, or to bring out. Lit., “he drew (it) out”.

To be or to exist. Lit., “he (it) was”.

Kāna is an irregular verb due to the واو in the middle. The letters ي و أ are known as ḥurūf ʿillah (حروف علّة), meaning “weak letters”. These letters often cause changes in the form and conjugation of verbs.

The kind of verb which contains a weak letter is called a fiʿl muʿtall(un) (فعل مُعْتَلٌّ) due to the ḥarf ʿillah coming either in the beginning, middle, or end. More specifically, kāna is fiʿl ajwaf (فعل أجوف) because its weak letter is in the middle.

We will cover these more in-depth later.

To make easy, possible, or attainable. Lit., “he made it easy”.

Yassara like Kāna is an irregular verb [fiʿl muʿtall(un) (فعل مُعْتَلٌّ)] due to the ياء at the beginning. This kind of verb is called a fiʿl mithāl (فعل مِثال) meaning an assimilating verb. We will cover these more in-depth later.

To teach. Lit., “he taught”.

ʿAllama is constructed on the morphological form (وَزْنٌ صَرْفيٌّ), know as the wazn ṣarfī, of faʿala/yufaʿilu (يُفَعِّلُ/فَعَّلَ). This kind of verb is what’s known as ṣīghah al-mubālaghah (صيغة المبالغة) or ṣīghah al-taʿdiyah (صيغة التعدية), being the form of intensification or causation, respectively. In this case, ʿallama is in the form of causation because its root (ع+ل+م) means “to know” therefore in this form, you literally cause someone to learn when you teach them.

A (male) student.

Fatigue, nuisance, burden.

Difficult(y), stubborn.

A project.

A sentence or a statement (also a group, sum, or crowd).

A drawing or sketch.

Preparation or production.

A colleague or friend.

Sometimes.

Aḥyānan is an adverb (ṭharf/ظفر), specifically an adverb of time known as ṭharf zamān (ظرف زمان). There other adverbs (ظروف) such as the adverb of place known as ṭharf makān (ظرف مَكان).

We’ll discuss these as we progress.

Movement or activity.

Harakah is also referred to as the vowels of fātḥah, ḍammah, and kasrah as well as sukūn and shaddah. The relation is that when you pronounce one of these verbs your tongue “moves”.

Other or another.

Ukhrā is an adjective, known as ism ṣifah (اسم صفة). It is the feminine form of آخَر (ākhar) with a fātḥah on the khā’ (خ).

When it is ākhir (آخِر), with a kasrah, it refers to something that is “last” or “ultimate”, while آخَر (ākhar), the masculine form, means, like ukhrā (أُخرى) means “other” or “another.”

Writing

To make successful, to make fit or suitable, to bring to agreement.

A scene (like from a play/movie). Lit., “something witnessed”.

Circumstance.

Ṭharf also has, as we’ve mentioned, a grammatical meaning, namely an adverb.

Beautiful.

Necessity, obligation.

Now. Right now.

al-Ān is an adverb of time, ṭharf zamān (ظرف زمان). See أحيانًا for more details.

Good. Excellent.

Tourist.

Vista or view.

A classroom or a lesson. Can also mean a partition.

Before.

Qabla is an adverb of time, ṭharf zamān (ظرف زمان). See أحيانًا for more details.

A director.

New.

Teacher.

A quiz or a test/exam.

Lateness, tardiness.

As a verb, ta’akhkhara (تَأَخَّرَ) it means “to be late”.

A coach or trainer.

A mark or a dot.

When used literally, nuṭqah can refer to a dot like that found above the letter nūn (ن), but it can also be used metaphorically to refer to “a point” someone makes, for instance in a talk or a lecture.

Important.

Thought. Idea. Thinking.

Success.

Associated (with).

Plain. Simple.

Achievement. Realization. Actualization. Verification. Editing. Accurateness.

Hesitation.

Goal. Objective. Aim.

Air. Weather. Environment. Atmosphere.

Jaww can be used literally and figuratively.

Calm. Relaxed.

Employee. Worker.

When the ṭhā’ (ظ) has a kasrah instead of a fātḥah then it means “employer”.

We’ll discuss ism fāʿil (اسم فاعل) and ism mafʿūl (اسم مفعول) later.

Concern, interest, or care/concern.

Ready. Prepared.

Detail(s).